![]() ![]() Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), institutional review boards, offices or departments in state government, state boards of medical examiners, the researcher's home institution, and potential funders. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U.S. Investigators seeking to conduct research on cannabis or cannabinoids must navigate a series of review processes that may involve the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the U.S. The following sections discuss these barriers in detail. The committee identified several barriers to conducting basic, clinical, and population health research on cannabis and cannabinoids, including regulations and policies that restrict access to the cannabis products that are used by an increasing number of consumers and patients in state-regulated markets, funding limitations, and numerous methodological challenges. In order to promote research on cannabis and cannabinoids, the barriers to such research must first be identified and addressed. This lack of evidence-based information on the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids poses a public health risk. As a result, research on the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids has been limited in the United States, leaving patients, health care professionals, and policy makers without the evidence they need to make sound decisions regarding the use of cannabis and cannabinoids. ![]() 4ĭespite these changes in state policy and the increasing prevalence of cannabis use and its implications for population health, the federal government has not legalized cannabis and continues to enforce restrictive policies and regulations on research into the health harms or benefits of cannabis products that are available to consumers in a majority of states. 29), 3 and in Washington, state and local sales taxes and state business and occupation taxes on recreational and medical cannabis totaled $53,410,661 in fiscal year 2016 ( WDOR, 2016a, b). At the state level, the Colorado Department of Revenue reported that sales and excise taxes on recreational and medical cannabis sales totaled $88,239,323 in fiscal year 2015 ( CDOR, 2016a, p. For example, the total estimated value of legal cannabis sales in the United States was $5.7 billion in 2015 and $7.1 billion in 2016 ( Arcview Market Research and New Frontier Data, 2016). Revenue from the sale and taxation of cannabis can serve as a proxy measure for cannabis use and suggests that the scope of cannabis use in the United States is considerable. adolescents and adults ages 12 and older who reported using cannabis increased by 35.0 percent and 20.0 percent for use in the past month and in the past year, respectively ( Azofeifa et al., 2016). Policy changes are associated with marked changes in patterns of cannabis use. 2 In November 2016, voters in California, Maine, Massachusetts, and Nevada approved ballot initiatives to legalize recreational cannabis, while voters in Arkansas, Florida, Montana, and North Dakota approved ballot initiatives to permit or expand the use of cannabis for medical purposes ( NORML, 2016b). As of October 2016, 25 states and the District of Columbia had legalized the medical use of cannabis, while 4 states and the District of Columbia had also legalized recreational cannabis use ( NCSL, 2016 NORML, 2016a). Several states have legalized cannabis for medical or recreational use since the release of the 1999 Institute of Medicine (IOM) 1 report Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base ( IOM, 1999).
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